Why It's Time To Evolve From BMI & Improve True Markers Of Metabolic Health

When I say the word "flexible," what comes to mind? Perhaps your younger, more bendy self when you were a child? Or maybe a professional ballet dancer like Misty Copeland, who makes splits look ridiculously easy? I would venture to guess very few of you thought of metabolism or metabolic health.

I'll spare you the ninth-grade biology lesson on the Krebs cycle, but suffice it to say, the biochemical process of cellular energy metabolism is majorly important. You see, our mitochondria are a metabolic hub where the nutrition we consume from foods and beverages is converted (i.e., calories are burned) into ATP energy. This ATP energy currency is then used up by the trillions of cells in our body to function all day, every day.

Cells make up tissues, which make up organs, which make up your body. I'm talking about your lungs taking deep breaths, heart pumping over a gallon of blood all through the body, gut digesting food and absorbing an array of nutrients, immune system mounting attacks against invading pathogens, neurons firing rapid signals throughout your nervous system, liver metabolizing and detoxifying countless compounds, muscles and ligaments holding us together and enabling us to move and be active, and so much more.

The all-important cellular metabolism process I described above is a close cousin to the concept of metabolic rate. This latter process is what people are alluding to when they say, "so-and-so [insert person's name] has a fast metabolism," in which we're saying a particular person appears to burn calories faster than other people do.

Our REE makes up approximately 60 to 75% of the total calories that we burn daily (aka, our total energy expenditure, or TEE). That's a big piece of the overall energy balance equation, which is precisely why optimizing one's metabolic rate (a key way to flex your metabolic performance) can make a tangible difference, especially when it comes to energy balance and maintaining a healthy body composition.

Many factors can affect your metabolic rate, including genetics, biological sex1, aging2, mitochondrial health, muscle mass3, adiposity, insulin resistance, thyroid hormone health4, nutrition, meal timing, stress, sleep, physical activity, diseases, and more.

In addition to the calories you burn at rest, there are two other ways to burn calories: You can expend energy via any form of physical activity (any movement is good movement!) and dissipate energy through a process called thermogenesis, in which heat is produced.

Metabolism and metabolic rate are key features of metabolic health. What's more, metabolic health encompasses cardiometabolic health, an umbrella term that includes critical processes of blood glucose, lipid, and blood pressure regulation, as well as inflammatory balance.

Taking a holistic approach, I think of "metabolic health" as the mother ship term encompassing all of the above concepts.

Interestingly (and a common misconception), metabolism doesn't slow down in older age as much as once thought, nor are those changes inevitable! Furthermore, the concept that dysfunction or perturbation in metabolic health are expected or "normal" with aging is false.

Cate Shanahan, M.D., medical director of ABC Metabolic Health Center and bestselling author of Deep Nutrition and The FATBURN Fix, explains puts it this way: "Your metabolism isn’t slowing down, it’s breaking down."

If the U.S. got a metabolic health report card, it would be failing. Indeed, when considering blood sugar, lipids, and inflammation (the trifecta of cardiometabolic health status)—a shocking seven out eight Americans are metabolically unhealthy.

According to nationally representative data, almost three-quarters (73%), of U.S. adults have a BMI that meets criteria for overweight or obesity6. Additionally, over 11% of the U.S. population suffers from diabetes7, while another one-third of U.S. adults have prediabetes8 (which if not reversed, will often progress to full-blown diabetes).

Furthermore, half of American adults have high blood pressure (aka high blood pressure9)—that's over 100 million people. Lipid dysregulation (i.e., dyslipidemia) runs rampant, too. Nearly 40% of adults have high total cholesterol10.

Within this epidemic, socioeconomic inequities are evident, with BIPOC communities affected disproportionately by metabolic health concerns. What's more, even our youth are suffering from metabolic dysfunction and its many comorbid consequences. Over 20% of children and adolescents ages 6 and older have obesity11, and 7% of children already have high cholesterol12.

Even our country's health care providers are suffering metabolically. Kien Vuu, M.D., and bestselling author of Thrive State: Your Blueprint for Optimal Health, Longevity, and Peak Performance, candidly shares that: "Before I was a doctor specializing in performance medicine and helping clients leverage pivotal wellness strategies like targeted nutrition, I was a doctor personally struggling with excess weight and suffering with cardiometabolic health dysfunction (all before the age of 40)." 

Let's revisit my earlier ballet metaphor. How do Misty Copeland or my fellow arts boarding school grad Whitney Huell and other talented dancers make flexibility look effortless? Answer: effort. (Lots of it, over many years). Splits aren't actually easy, and neither is balancing and doing complex maneuvers on pointe shoes. Those skills require proactive, routine stretching and practice, plus a personalized approach for long-term maintenance.

Similarly, nurturing and optimizing metabolic health over a lifetime takes real intention and action. The awesome fact is that metabolism and metabolic health are malleable. Unlike your stature or eye color, you have the ability to affect and even pivot your metabolic destiny (and thus, overall health and longevity). 

Body mass index (BMI) considers height and weight to grossly estimate one's weight/adiposity status13 (i.e., underweight, healthy, overweight, obesity). While useful in certain clinical settings and for broad data sets in epidemiologic (population-level) research, BMI is not as useful at the individual level if your goal is a comprehensive and personalized approach to optimize metabolic health.

BMI is insensitive to body composition nuance (e.g., a muscular and highly fit athlete may register in the "overweight" or "obese" categories), gender, and racial uniqueness. As mbg Collective member and the father of functional medicine Jeffrey Bland, Ph.D., previously shared with mbg: "The BMI standard was developed for an idealized Caucasian male, and the thresholds remain rather oblivious to important discrepancies warranted by gender and ethnicity." 

Also, weight is an incredibly narrow view of metabolic health. Functional medicine nutritionist Brooke Scheller, DCN, CNS, explains, "Metabolism isn't just about weight. It actually has more to do with how our body uses the food we eat and converts it to fuel for energy."

"It's hurtful to reduce personal health to a number that takes no account of your behaviors and the socioeconomic pressures that play major roles in so many people's lives," Bland shares. And registered dietitian and intuitive eating counselor Courtney Vickery, M.S., R.D., L.D., astutely points out that "weight can fluctuate for many reasons, such as hormones, water retention, and muscular growth."

Indeed, metabolism and metabolic health are so much more than a number on a scale. After all, it's almost 2023; thus, it's time to graduate, evolving from an antiquated and oversimplified view of weight (i.e., energy in, energy out) and related metrics (BMI). 

As Shanahan explains, "The key to losing weight is recognizing that it's not a problem of willpower but of metabolic breakdown. You can fix your metabolism." 

To get you started, here is a list of useful metabolic health metrics—from waist circumference and blood pressure to glucose, lipids, and much more—to know, track with intention, and optimize with the support of your health care partner in the year ahead.

The science is clear: We have many strategies and tools to help flex our metabolism and actively defy metabolic age expectations throughout life. I remain hopeful that we can begin to turn the tide on metabolic health in our nation before it's too late, and so do many others working in this field.

I'll leave you with the thrilling vision for a metabolic future that Deshanie Rai, Ph.D., FACN, vice president of global scientific and regulatory affairs at OmniActive Health Technologies shares: "I am excited about how fast the science of personalized metabolic health is advancing in the pursuit of optimal health goals at the individual level. We are no longer just focusing on phenotypes and genotypes when it comes to metabolism. The field is rapidly evolving to understand their integration with epigenetics, nutrigenetics, and metabolomics (including the microbiome), which collectively can help optimize more personalized nutrition approaches to tackle metabolic imbalances."