How To Avoid Period Bloat — A Hormone Expert Explains

In all the years I’ve been working as a hormonal health expert, I’ve met very few people who haven't dealt with one major problem: bloating. Just about every person with a menstrual cycle I've talked to has skipped a party, canceled a date, or missed out on another out-of-the-house event because their stomach felt like a full-blown balloon during menstruation. And this isn't just a superficial issue—bloating can hurt, and it is almost always accompanied by a constellation of other upsetting symptoms like intense PMS, acne, migraines, mood swings, and sleep disruptions.

Estrogen can cause salt and water to be retained in the tissues1. Many women have too much estrogen relative to deficient levels of progesterone. This is likely your bloating type if you have pre-existing hormonal imbalances like fibroids, endometriosis2, PCOS, ovarian cysts, PMS, or difficult perimenopause. You have what is referred to as "estrogen dominance," and during the luteal phase (PMS week), especially high levels of estrogen are associated with bloating.

A few stress-filled days and sleepless nights, and magically you seem to weigh 5 pounds more than you did the day before. That's the effect of cortisol: It puffs you up by forcing the body to retain sodium3. If you're feeling chronically stressed, overwhelmed, stretched too thin, have low-grade fatigue all day, or rely on caffeine, then this is very likely your bloating type.

The human body runs on electricity derived from four key electrolytes: calcium, sodium, potassium, and, of course, magnesium. If you work out hard4, have stress5, and drink caffeine6, then it's very easy for your body to become magnesium-deficient. Signs of deficiency aside from the bloating include depression, migraines, insomnia, leg cramps, facial twitches, and/or insomnia. Menstrual cramps are also a sign of low magnesium.

How to solve it: There are natural strategies for boosting magnesium, including eating key magnesium-rich foods, like sunflower seeds, low-mercury fish, leafy greens, and my personal favorite, dark chocolate!

Scientists are just beginning to understand the profound effect the millions of microbes in your digestive tract have on your overall health—including bloating. When your microbiome—a fancy word for the flora populating your gut—becomes imbalanced, your gut can start to react to certain foods and have problems absorbing nutrients, both of which fuel a wide range of health problems from acne8 and weight-loss resistance9 to brain fog, depression, and bloating10.

But here's where things get really interesting: Digesting food isn't your gut flora's only job. A specific set of your bacteria known as the estrobolome11 is responsible for helping metabolize estrogen. When these bacteria are out of balance, your body doesn't process and eliminate excess estrogen efficiently. This can lead to estrogen dominance12, which contributes to bad PMS, among other health problems—and that includes more bloating. So microbiome imbalances are a double whammy when it comes to bloating, contributing to both food reactivity and estrogen overload. That's why the first step in putting a stop to bloat is addressing gut health.

Most of us put other people and priorities first as a default, leaving inadequate time for our own self-care. Neurochemical changes that occur during the luteal phase prime us to focus on our own needs, and not attending to them creates more stress. PMS, including bloating, could be a sign from your body to put yourself first for a week.